Can I Download Google Takeout on My Phone?
You can, but you should not. Phones struggle with huge zips and cannot fix the metadata afterwards.
A phone can download the files. Unpacking a 10 GB zip on a phone is another matter, and most of them run out of storage or patience partway through.
The bigger problem is that fixing the dates afterwards needs a real file system and a proper tool. Phones do not give apps that kind of access to photo files.
Download on a computer, fix the metadata there, then copy the finished library to your phone. Takeout JSON Metadata Fixer can export straight to a connected Android phone. It runs on your own computer and is free for your first 500 photos.