Can I Fix Photos From My Old Phone the Same Way?
Yes. The same problem appears whenever photos are copied off a phone. Here is what to do without Takeout.
Yes, and you do not need Google Takeout for it.
Copying photos off a phone often resets the file dates to the moment of the copy. If the photos carry a proper capture date inside them, a good tool can read that and set the file dates to match, and your folders sort correctly again. Photos with no internal date, like screenshots and chat images, fall back to the date in the filename, which phones usually include.
Point the app at any folder of photos, not just a Takeout export. It reads whatever each file already knows about itself, corrects the file timestamps, and can rename and sort everything into folders by year and month while it is there. That turns a dumped folder from an old phone into a library you can actually browse. The first 500 photos are free.